Comparing coverage in two different Newspapers Essay

The episode shrouded in the two articles I have examined was a train fire in the Austrian ski resort of Kaprun on Saturday eleventh November 2000. The principal article I took a gander at was in the newspaper paper the Sunday Express. The second article I took a gander at was in the broadsheet paper the Observer. The two articles were fundamentally the same as however had a few contrasts. Both the articles stressed that British individuals were among those that had passed on. The Sunday Express said â€Å"Britons among 170 victims† and The Observer said â€Å"Britons among 170 dead† The Observer additionally expressed that kids passed on â€Å"Children among victims†. Albeit the two articles secured a similar subject and appeared to underline the enormity of the disaster, they had various methodologies, The Sunday Express’ article was dramatist and over emotive â€Å"†¦ inferno as it tore through carriages† The Observers article was a more quiet and progressively compact report â€Å"†¦ and, inside a couple of moments, nearly everybody on board was dead. † The articles both contained comparable verifiable data. In the Article in the Sunday Express, realities were interwoven with suppositions and emotive language. â€Å"†¦ immersing sightseers in temperatures of up to 1,000 degrees Centigrade. † The Observer had some emotive language however appeared to keep the realities separate â€Å"†¦ which arrived at temperatures of more than 1,000 C† The main inconsistency between the two articles was over the underlying reason for the fire. The Sunday Express met a link vehicle specialized master Klaus Einsenkolb. â€Å"He said†¦ that either a short out in the batteries or the likelihood that somebody had begun it with a stripped fire was more likely,† This was their lone reference to the reason for the discharge. The Observer had a wide range of explanations about the reason for the fire. â€Å"Yesterday’s fire is accepted to have started†¦after one of the links that pull the train up the mountain snapped, evidently beginning the blaze† They likewise had an announcement from the nearby organization Gletscherbahn Kaprun who claimed the train. â€Å"†Due to a fire in the passage there was a shorting in the electrical circuit, therefore causing the train†¦ to burst into flames. â€Å"† They likewise talked with Klaus Einsenkolb, however expressed nothing about his assessments of what caused the fire as in The Sunday Express. The two articles utilized comparable language, yet The Sunday Express utilized increasingly emotive varieties of language to put over a similar point. The Sunday Express said â€Å"†¦ the nerve racking undertaking today of distinguishing 170 youthful skiers consumed alive† The Observer focused on what's relevant, be that as it may, some dramatist language was utilized. â€Å"†¦ 170 individuals were killed yesterday when a fire†¦ immersed an Austrian funicular train† The Sunday Express sensationalized the episode by utilizing words like â€Å"inferno† and â€Å"disaster† over and again all through their report. This made a state of mind in the article, communicating how horrendous this disaster was. In spite of The Observer being a broadsheet paper, their article additionally utilized this kind of language, for example, â€Å"inferno† and â€Å"tragedy†. I think this likewise was utilized to make the state of mind. The hidden inclination in The Observers report was that this occurrence could have been forestalled or its outcomes decreased, had their been sufficient security measures and better upkeep. â€Å"†¦ Manfred Muller, security chief for the railroad, conceded that there had been no crisis putting out fires hardware in the passage, or on the train† The journalist’s utilization of â€Å"admitted† in this sentence underpins his perspectives that wellbeing safety measures were insufficient. Subsequent to perusing this article the peruser was left with the impression it was only a horrendous mishap. â€Å"Yesterdays catastrophe was the subsequent disaster to hit Kitzsteinhorn this year. † â€Å"†¦ declared a criminal examination concerning the catastrophe. † No fault appeared to be pointed at anybody in this article. The Sunday Express’ article contained numerous meetings and remarks from individuals engaged with the occurrence. The vast majority of the individuals met were authorities connected with the mishap, as Norbert Karlsboeck, the town civic chairman of Kaprun, and Franz Schausberger the Salzburg representative. â€Å"Mr Karlsboeck stated: â€Å"I didn't understand the full degree of the catastrophe†Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Salzburg senator Franz Schausberger stated: â€Å"I have announced a day of grieving. We can assume that everybody still ready the train is dead. â€Å"† They were remarking on their sentiments about the occurrence. Klaus Eisenkolb, a link vehicle specialist who chipped away at the arranging of the line was likewise met and talked about his opinion of the event of this occurrence and what could have caused it. One observer and one survivor were likewise cited. The Observer had less individuals met, however had interviews with family members and witnesses. They likewise had an announcement from the organization who possessed the train, Gletscherbahn Kaprun, who remarked on their emotions about this occurrence. â€Å"In an announcement, the organization stated: ‘We and the entire town of Kaprun are in grieving. ‘† A unidentified man whose child had gone skiing that day, and a minister were likewise met. This gave the article a progressively close to home feel, as the peruser felt that they could identify with the individuals who’s lives had been influenced by this thus comprehend the disaster better. The design of these reports was totally different. Article I had a huge striking feature on the intro page saying â€Å"INFERNO† in capital letters, to draw people’s consideration. There was additionally an enormous outline of one of the survivors with a subtitle. There was then a twofold page spread. On the main side of the twofold spread was a force quote in enormous striking letters â€Å"There’s no expectation left, the vapor were only terrible† close to another representation of a survivor with a subtitle. This would likewise get people groups consideration; the peruser may take a gander at the photos and afterward need to peruse on. Under the title was a chart of the mountainside with text calling attention to where the occasions occurred. This was very straightforward and gave the essential data. Inside that outline was another graph demonstrating where Kaprun was in setting to Austria and afterward to the remainder of Europe. The content was in sections around these outlines. The twofold page was part into three squares of text, an individual report began the subsequent page composed by Greg Swift, a continuation of the primary article by David Dillon, and afterward an extra report: â€Å"Rising tide of Alpine tragedies†. The Observer had a medium estimated feature â€Å"Inferno in the Alps† in intense letters. Underneath was a huge outline of a survivor (equivalent to in article 1) with an inscription. The article was begun with two huge visual cues, which would catch the reader’s eye. There was then a little outline of where in Austria the occurrence occurred, and where it was comparable to Europe. The article was again written in sections. It at that point also went to a twofold page. The feature on this twofold page â€Å"A couple of breaths and they were lost† was additionally a force quote, keeping the perusers consideration. There was a square of pictures with cites in the top focus of the pages demonstrating the salvage group, survivors and their families, and the train. This was extremely powerful. The square of pictures would truly pull in the reader’s consideration, asking them to peruse the article. There was a huge chart demonstrating an image of the mountainside and where the passage was, and afterward a graph of the genuine train, appearing in steps what occurred and when. This outline was clear, indicating precisely what occurred in an effectively reasonable manner. The twofold page was again part into areas of text. There was the fundamental report by Denis Staunton, and afterward two littler reports. One was by Jason Burke telling how previous British Olympic skier Martin Bell expected that a portion of his companions could have been on the train. This connected the episode back to this nation and how it influenced individuals here. The other was by Anthony Browne, discussing stresses over what number of ongoing heartbreaking mishaps have happened in the Alps. I feel that the article that clarified what occurred and proposed the full frightfulness of this occurrence all the more adequately was the article from The Observer. I felt that the manner by which it was composed figured out how to make a harmony between putting over the realities yet at the same time communicating the repulsiveness of the catastrophe. I think on the grounds that the realities were not blurred with sentiments, they were more clear. I imagined that the twofold page spread was especially compelling. The photos were more clear and pulled in the reader’s consideration. The outline at once page was clear and straightforward. It demonstrated precisely what occurred in stages, with data about the mountain and the passage. I likewise felt that the feature â€Å"Inferno in the Alps† on the first page was extremely compelling. It gave enough data for you to recognize what had occurred yet was short enough for the peruser to peruse initially. I felt that The Sunday Express’ article was progressively hard to comprehend as there were less realities and the composing was stubborn. Likewise in light of the fact that there were less meetings with individuals who were legitimately influenced by the occurrence, for example, survivors, and family members of casualties, it wasn’t as simple to identify with that article. There was less content all in all, as a great part of the space was taken up by huge representations and features. In spite of the fact that the articles appeared to be comparative they had contrasts which in spite of the fact that may not be radically clear I felt they had a major effect to the adequacy and accomplishment of the articles

Winchesters Bid to Host the 7th World Summit on Art Culture 2017 A Critical Analyses of Strengths Weaknesses

Presentation Cities are not just progressively contending to have worldwide social occasions to improve their picture and invigorate urban infrastructural advancement, yet in addition to revive their economies and pull in more guests and speculation. This marvel can be related with the impacts of a globalized world economy (Hede Kellett, 2011), just as a general increment in rivalry between urban communities, locales and nations for the consideration of important partners, including clients, financial specialists and arrangement producers (Richards Wilson, 2004).Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Winchester’s Bid to Host the seventh World Summit on Art Culture 2017: A Critical Analyses of Strengths Weaknesses explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Available writing shows that since the 1980s, a rising number of urban areas are getting keen on pulling in significant worldwide occasions as they are seen as important vectors of monetary and the tr avel industry advancement, just as guaranteeing supportable improvement by invigorating biological, social and monetary advantages Proposal Aim Objectives As parts of its occasions drove recovery methodology, Winchester City plans to effectively offer for the rights to co-have the seventh World Summit on Arts and Culture coming up in 2017. The goals are to pull in more guests and to excite social utilization among the populace, while situating Winchester City as a worldwide vacationer and social goal Overview/Background Information The World Summit on Arts and Culture The World Summit on Arts and Culture is a triennial universal occasion of its sort, which fills in as â€Å"†¦a stage for national expressions chambers, services of culture, expressions and social arrangement chiefs, craftsmen and network pioneers to examine systems influencing open help for expressions and culture at a national and worldwide level† (IFACCA, 2011a para. 2). Individuals and offshoots of Inte rnational Federation of Arts Councils and Culture Agencies (IFACCA) are urged to partake and the shows are available to any person with an enthusiasm for national and global masterful and social directions. This uber occasion, co-facilitated by the national expressions board of the triumphant nation and IFACCA, pulls in an expected 500 agents from more than 80 nations into the facilitating city for a period extending from 4-5 days to examine the current issues (IFACCA, 2011b). Worldwide Federation of Arts Councils and Culture Agencies Inaugurated in December 2000, the International Federation of Arts Councils and Culture Agencies (IFACCA) claims the privilege to co-have the World Summit on Arts and Culture with the National Arts Council of any part nation that has prevailing to offer for the rights to hold the occasion. This suggests IFACCA is the occasion proprietor and one of its center duties is to welcome the national boards of part nations to submit offering records/proposition to have the occasion. IFACCA is likewise liable for deciding a set procedure for offering and the timetable and time period by which the offering procedure ought to be completed.Advertising Looking for report on workmanship and structure? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bidding City: Winchester, England, is a vivacious â€Å"†¦heritage goal only an hour south west of London, with world class attractions and engineering including a great church building, grant winning bars and eateries and an enticing exhibit of free shops† (Winchester City Council, 2012 para. 1). Winchester is the ideal goal for facilitating global social occasions and Expos because of its rich socially different medieval settings, encompassed by heavenly moving open country and serene Hampshire towns. The city has an occupant populace of around 45,000 individuals, and is home to â€Å"†¦a number of huge open part managers, including the Uni versity of Winchester, Winchester Prison, Royal Hampshire County Hospital, Hampshire County Council and Winchester City Council† (Hampshire County Council, 2011 p. 7). Examination of the Internal Strengths Weaknesses of the Summit This area plans to fundamentally assess the inner components to the worldwide highest point, which could vigorously impact the direction and result of the offering procedure, especially corresponding to the focussed endeavor by Winchester to offer for the rights to have the 2017 culmination. Qualities This global creative and social occasion â€Å"†¦provides open doors for participants to have critical encounters, networks to assemble social capital, and for the administrations to prompt new salary into their economies through the travel industry and business activities† (Hede Kellett, 2011 p. 987). The highest point is known to give a feeling of adaptability to fixed structures, just as conveying a wellspring of display which adds to the picture worth and notoriety of urban communities. Specifically, this highest point regularly epitomizes a less exorbitant methods for recognizing places, urge individuals to visit a spot more than once, and produce significant media premium that could be utilized by the occasion coordinators to advertise the city through the crystal of internationalization or globalization (Richards Wilson, 2004; Leonardsen et al, 2010). Shortcomings The worldwide highest point, just like the case with other universal super occasions, has its own dangers, which must be fundamentally assessed and emergency courses of action attracted to guarantee fruitful facilitating of the occasion. Among the inalienable dangers noted in facilitating an occasion of this nature and extension, the occasion coordinators may neglect to tie down the necessary subsidizing to convey the highest point, not referencing that that the coordinators may likewise neglect to draw in the nearby populace, bringing about a situatio n where the occasion is unequipped for pulling in a more extensive crowd (Schneider, 2010).Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Winchester’s Bid to Host the seventh World Summit on Art Culture 2017: A Critical Analyses of Strengths Weaknesses explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Being a worldwide masterful and social effort program, the culmination is constantly confronted with the dangers related with poor creative programming, inability to pull in feature entertainers and craftsmen and, thusly, inability to make sure about the Summit’s expected heritage. In conclusion, it is notable that global social occasions frequently neglect to draw in the political help important to make the facilitating of these occasions a triumph (Schneider, 2010). Powerful emergency courses of action should in this way be accessible to guarantee these dangers are effectively managed. Outer Analyses of the Bidding City There are various overwhelming outside e lements which could unequivocally impact Winchester City’s offer to be agreed the rights to have the up and coming highest point. This segment intends to use various key arranging devices, including PESTLE, SWOT and Porter’s 5 Forces examinations, to basically assess Winchester’s position to seriously offer for, and have, the culmination in 2017. PESTLE Analysis Bidding urban communities have their own shortcomings and qualities that characteristically impact the present and future presentation of their offering forms. By utilizing the PESTLE system, the occasion coordinators for the 2017 offer can adequately evaluate the present condition, just as future moves in the condition that will undoubtedly transcendently impact Winchester’s endeavor to effectively offer for, and have, the 2017 occasion. It is broadly anticipated that the appropriation of the PESTLE structure, which subtleties the political, financial, social, mechanical, lawful and natural compo nents influencing or impacting an element (Henry, 2008), will go far to help Winchester keep up an upper hand over other competitor urban communities for the up and coming culmination. Subsequently, the consequences of the PESTLE investigation are introduced underneath trying to underline the outer variables affecting Winchester’s offer. Political The legislature is unswerving in its purpose to guarantee that the United Kingdom (UK) is in a situation to forcefully offer for, and have, significant global wearing and social occasions, not referencing that it recognizes the way that offers are strengthened if the administration is prepared and ready to loan dynamic help. A definitive occasion coordinator, which is the UK Art and Culture Council, is probably going to keep on keeping up a ground-breaking power over the worldwide imaginative and social scene, with progressively brought together sponsorship and media bargains, which in numerous examples convert into important salary streams for the Council. Winchester’s offer to have the 2017 highest point likewise draws significant help from the UK’s solid notoriety to effectively offer and host significant worldwide occasions, for example, the Capital of Culture occasion held in 2008 in Liverpool. In conclusion, Winchester appreciates solid open/private associations, which will keep on assuming a considerable job in the arranging and subsidizing of national, provincial and universal occasions (Leonardsen, 2007; Maughan Branchini, 2004).Advertising Searching for report on craftsmanship and structure? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More An imperative to Winchester’s offer to have the 2017 culmination comes as a moving focal point of focal government financing, which will persevere to create a vulnerability comparable to open subsidizing directions, especially according to network and social arranged exercises supported by the open tote (Jackson, 2010). Financial Hosting the 2017 World Summit on Arts and Culture will trigger an expansion in the travel industry and interest in the UK all in all and Winchester specifically. Such an expansion will keep on framing a basic segment in the income age of the city and the more extensive nearby economy. By biddin

Book Riots Deals of the Day for February 13, 2020

Book Riot’s Deals of the Day for February 13, 2020 Sponsored by Snapdragon by Kat Leyh with First Second. These deals were active as of this writing, but may expire soon, so get them while they’re hot! Todays  Featured Deals Get a Life, Chloe Brown by  Talia Hibbert for $2.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. The Wolf Gift by Anne Rice for $2.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. The Cooking Gene  by Michael W. Twitty for $1.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. Pride, Prejudice, and Other Flavors by  Sonali Dev for $1.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. In Case You Missed Yesterdays Most Popular Deals The Island of Sea Women by  Lisa See for $2.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. Mycroft Holmes by Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Anna Waterhouse for $1.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. Previous Daily Deals That Are Still Active As Of This Writing (Get em While Theyre Hot!): Sometimes I Lie by  Alice Feeney for $2.99 When: The Scientific Secrets of Perfect Timing by  Daniel H. Pink for $1.99 Little by  Edward Carey for $1.99 I Am Half-Sick of Shadows by  Alan Bradley for $1.99 The Right Swipe by  Alisha Rai for $1.99 Jade City by Fonda Lee for $2.99 The Hollow of Fear by  Sherry Thomas for $1.99 Her Royal Highness by  Rachel Hawkins for $1.99 Mind of My Mind by Octavia Butler for $1.99 Invisible by Stephen L. Carter for $3.99 The Vanished Bride by Bella Ellis for $1.99 Knitting Yarns: Writers on Knitting edited by Ann Hood for $1.99 This Is How It Always Is by  Laurie Frankel for $2.99 Truly, Madly, Royally by Debbie Rigaud for $1.99 I’m Judging You by Luvvie Ajayi for $2.99 Furiously Happy by  Jenny Lawson for $2.99 The Mysterious Affair at Styles by Agatha Christie for $2.99 The Deep by Rivers Solomon, Daveed Diggs, William Hutson, and Jonathan Snipes for $1.99 Half-Blood Blues by Esi Edugyan for $3.99 Dinner for Everyone by  Mark Bittman for $2.99 Eloquent Rage: A Black Feminist Discovers Her Superpower by Brittney C. Cooper for $3.99 A Girl Like That by Tanaz Bhathena  $2.99 The Diviners by Libba Bray for $2.99 Conversations with Myself by Nelson Mandela for $3.99 One Good Earl Deserves a Lover by Sarah McLean for $3.99 I Love You So Mochi by Sarah Kuhn for $1.99 Bring Up the Bodies by Hilary Mantel for $3.99 The Mapmaker’s Wife by  Robert Whitaker for $1.99 Tangerine by  Christine Mangan for $2.99 Wicked Saints by  Emily A. Duncan for $2.99 No One Is Coming to Save Us by Stephanie Powell Watts for $2.99 Monsoon Mansion by Cinelle Barnes  for $0.99 The Sellout by Paul Beatty for $3.99 I Am, I Am, I Am: Seventeen Brushes With Death by Maggie OFarrell for $4.99 The Burning Chambers by Kate Mosse for $2.99 The Surgeon by  Tess Gerritsen for $2.99 Feel Free by Zadie Smith for $3.99 The Epic Crush of Genie Lo by F.C. Lee for $1.99 Burn Baby Burn by Meg Medina for $1.99 That Kind of Guy by Talia Hibbert for $3.99 The Awakened Kingdom by N.K. Jemisin for $2.99 Odd and the Frost Giants by Neil Gaiman for $3.99 Labyrinth Lost by Zoraida Cordova for $4.09 Once Ghosted, Twice Shy by Alyssa Cole for $1.99 Everythings Trash, But Its Okay  by Phoebe Robinson for $4.99 Tiny Pretty Things  by Sona Charaipotra and Dhonielle Clayton for $4.99 Nefertiti by Michelle Moran for $3.99 Instant Pot Obsession: The Ultimate Electric Pressure Cooker Cookbook for Cooking Everything Fast by Janet A. Zimmerman for $2.99 Year of Yes by Shonda Rhimes for $2.99 A Quiet Life in the Country by T E Kinsey for $1.99 The Duchess War by Courtney Milan for $4.99 The House of the Spirits: A Novel by Isabel Allende for $1.99 Mangos and Mistletoe: A Foodie Holiday Novella by Adriana Herrera for $2.99 Guapa by Saleem Haddad for $1.99 The Unlikely Escape of Uriah Heep by H. G. Parry for $4.99 Empire of Sand by Tasha Suri for $4.99 Fatality in F (A Gethsemane Brown Mystery Book 4) by Alexia Gordon for $4.99 Reckless by Selena Montgomery for $3.99 Cant Escape Love by Alyssa Cole for $1.99 Brown Girl in the Ring by Nalo Hopkinson for $5.99 Ark by Veronica Roth for $1.99 Ten Women by Marcela Serrano for $3.99 The Price of Salt by Patricia Highsmith for $0.99 Ormeshadow by Priya Sharma for $3.99 Sisters of the Vast Black by Lina Rather for $3.99 Prophecy  by Ellen Oh for $2.99 Along for the Ride  by Mimi Grace for $2.99 Sign up for our Book Deals newsletter and get up to 80% off books you actually want to read.

Stages Of Children s Development - 1367 Words

Preschool children’s development is particularly different within the period of early childhood because their play behavior develops dramatically. They may play independently but within close proximity. We learned the five types of play, Parten talks about in her article, which are Solitary Play, Onlooker Play, Parallel Play, Associative Play, and Cooperative Play. In addition, Parten also found that different ages correlate to the type of play preschool children engage in. For example, older preschool children are most likely to engage with one another and play cooperatively to complete one given task. Likewise, she talks about how â€Å"younger children are more likely to have lower IQ’s and play by themselves with no goal in mind.† On the†¦show more content†¦265). Children with poor language abilities, for instance, have difficulty in understanding someone from another individual’s point of view. Two-year-olds are more relatively egocentric than five or six-year-olds. Therefore, it is hard for the younger preschoolers to play together or cooperatively. Furthermore, two-year-olds have a different mindset when it comes to ideas and opinions than five year olds. In continuation, Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development across preschool years explains that children are learning to take more initiative. L ikewise, this may involve inviting a friend to play or proposing a game of make believe, allowing them to adapt more skills through their preschool years. As you can see, the way pre-school children socially participate has largely to do with their age and developing communication skills as they age. Therefore, social play is correlated with age. In this present study, I examined the different levels of play among preschool children. Based on the research reviewed, I expected children to move toward an increasingly cooperative play as their age increased. Method A group of intro psychology students observed preschoolers at the Rollins College Developmental Center. There were seven males and six females between the ages of two and five. On Friday, February 17th from 9am-9:50am I observed K, a 53- month old female. TheShow MoreRelatedRole Of A Senior Practitioner With Children s Learning Development Stages1472 Words   |  6 PagesA child’s learning and development stages start from his birth and continue till he reaches the age of 15 to 16 years. The most significant years when a child starts to understand the world around him, and starts to make sense of his carers is usually from birth to age 5. From birth to age 5, the learning and development stages are kept at under strict eye by the carers since it is important to see that all the activities of the child are monitored and that the child is growing in the right way.Read MorePiaget s Stage Theory Account For Children s Cognitive Development1759 Words   |  8 Pageswell does Piag et’s stage theory account for children’s cognitive development? Intro Piaget believed there were four stages in a child’s cognitive development and sub stages within these stages. These stages have been the object of debate since Piaget introduced them and are still continuously debated. All of the stages are very concrete and large scale. They don’t account for children at a particular age who are behind or ahead. Piaget underestimated the capability of children to do particular thingsRead MoreHow Does Piaget s Stage Theory Account For Children s Cognitive Development?1576 Words   |  7 PagesHow does Piaget’s stage theory account for children’s cognitive development? Jean Piaget (1896-1980) had a stage theory about cognitive development and how it works with children. There are 4 stages to this theory; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. Piaget emphasised that they occur in this order. (Smith, Cowie, Blades, 2015, p. 446). He considered the fact that the way child’s mind develops, intellectually, is a continuous process of Assimilation and AccommodationRead MoreMoral Development : What Are Morals And How Are They Developed? Essay898 Words   |  4 PagesMoral Development: Jimmy What are morals and how are they developed? The word moral has many definitions to define its meaning. In this case the proper definition to define moral would be â€Å"of or relating to principles of right and wrong in behavior† (Moral, n.d.). This definition is pertaining to one’s judgment. Kohlberg is the psychologist who developed a theory on moral development. He used ideas from Piaget and developed his own theory. His theory will be discussed throughout this easy, whileRead MorePhysical And Cognitive Development Of Children Essay1473 Words   |  6 PagesPhysical and Cognitive Development in the Children In the book Child Development An Active Learning Approach, it states that the sequence of motor milestones happen in the same way for most babies around the world. This fact indicates that motor development is strongly controlled by our genes, which dictates the expected sequence of the development (page 193). In researching the physical development of children I learned that there are two forms of motors skills. Fine motors skills which use smallRead MorePiaget vs. Vygotsky1120 Words   |  5 Pagestheory of cognitive development is defined as the development of the ability to think and reason. There are many theorists who have studied cognitive theories and the most famous is Jean Piaget. Cognitive development covers the physical and emotional stages of a child. The basic premise for cognitive development is to show the different stages of the development of a child so you can understand where the child might be in their development. Understanding cognitive development will better prepareRead MoreThe Eight Crisis Stages Of Erik Erikson Development Theory1456 Words   |  6 Pagesdefined by an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that help to explain phenomena and facilitate predictions. With development the series of age-related changes that happen over the course of a life span which theorist observe these developments as a series of stages during which individuals displays qualities of behavior patterns. There are five theoretical orientation to development such as psychoanalytic, cognitive, behavioral and social cognitive, ethological, and ecological. It is a fact thatRead MoreEarly Childhood And Child Development928 Words   |  4 Pagestextbook, I have realized that children early years are severely important because they provide the foundation for the rest of their life, as adolescent, and as adult. Children that are well nurtured can live well and be sociable. Early childhood is the most rapid per iod of development in a human life. A child creates their own sense of identity. Indeed, it is important for a child to have a sense of identity. Although individual children develop at their pace, all children progress through an identifiableRead MoreThe Theories Of Child Development1084 Words   |  5 PagesFrom the day they are born, children are immersed in a social world. Rapid learning takes place and is supported not only by parents, siblings, teachers and friends but also the important values and beliefs within their culture. All of this provides the foundations for cognitive development. As trainee teachers, it is fundamental that we have a deeper understanding of how children learn and how we can support learning. In order to do this we must first look at some of the theories of learning. TheoriesRead MoreChild Development Explanations And Understanding1702 Words   |  7 PagesChild development explanations and understanding is a complicated process and it is hard deciding the right process to use with each child. Many individuals and doctors have their own way of thinking how the body and mind develops. Their ideas have no right or wrong answers and are mere guesses of human growth. No one idea can be applied directly to a person, without looking at another idea also. To prove these explanations of psychology, scientific methods are used. Teachers may use all patterns

The Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals of New Mexico

Stakeholder Mapping Free Essays

Introduction Amazon is one of the first few companies that benefited the most from the early mover advantages in the dot com bubble in the early 2000s. It an online retailer that makes use of cloud computing to practice an integrated business model that allows it to function effectively in the advance, complex and ever increasing internet industry. Being a large company, Amazon has to address various underlying stakeholders (Saunders, 2001). We will write a custom essay sample on Stakeholder Mapping or any similar topic only for you Order Now Prime stakeholders that Amazon has to look after are: board of directors, investors, employees, customers, strategic partners and suppliers. Each stakeholder is not only affected by the company’s performance but in turn affects the company’s strategic decision making as well. The paper discusses the specific interests that each stakeholder has associated with the company and based on the objectives of the company, maps them on the Power Interests Matrix. The paper also examines in the light of the case of Amazon, how corporate social responsibility affects organisational strategy. Stakeholder Interests and Stakeholder Mapping Amazon’s stakeholder comprise of the board of directors, investors, employees, customers, strategic partners and suppliers. The Directors and Senior Management The board of directors and investors expect the company to grow and make more profits. The board of directors and the management expect to enhance the customer innovation and add cost efficiency in the business model that could boost the level o profits acquired (Spector, 2000). Employees The employees expect to secure jobs, make higher salaries and see the company grow that could aid in their career development (Saunders, 2001). Strategic Supply Chain Partners On the other hand, the strategic partners and suppliers expect the company to grow and expand so that they could benefit in return from higher sales of their products; higher returns form the company and gain the benefits from brand association with the company (Saunders, 2001). Customers Customers expect high quality products at cheaper prices from the retailers. They seek secure transactions, and ease of purchase. They expect their information to remain confidential and the website to conduct fair business practice with them at all times and address to their complaints and issues with the products promptly (Spector, 2000). Community Community constitutes the publics that are concerned with social well-being and social development (Spector, 2000). On the stakeholder map, community is low power and low interest. Amazon is, nonetheless, accountable for its carbon footprint especially with regard to the material used and disposed in packaging of the goods delivered to the customers and the means of transportation used. With the increasing green purchasing habits of customer, Amazon is now considering the impact that being responsible for the environment is crucial for the profitability of the company. Thus, this makes community a key stakeholder, considering the present situations, wherein, it constitutes high power and high interest with regard to responsible purchasers (Godelnik, 2011). Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Strategy Amazon takes community and environmental issues as least prior in making strategies. However, analysts and publics alike have raised ample concerns for the carbon footprint of Amazon in the making of Kindle and the packaging and delivery of the products customers buy online from the Amazon e-store. A source of concern is the fact that Amazon is yet to disclose its environmental impact reports. Such concerns are putting Amazon in a negative place in the minds of the ‘responsible’ consumers and thus, shaping a bad public image of the company. In order to avoid extenuating circumstances, Amazon will have to publish a CSR report in order to disclose its environmental impacts. This calls for taking into account the carbon footprint of the company and going ‘green.’ Thus, this indicates that CSR does not primarily affect the company but the company has stepped into a position where it will have to shape its strategy round CSR issues as a response to public appeal (Godelnik, 2011). Conclusion The stakeholders of Amazon are managers, directors, strategic partners, employees, customers and community, wherein, key are customers and community at the time. In line with environmental pressures, Amazon is most likely to be affected with social responsibility and will have to shape its corporate strategy to disclose its carbon footprint and go green to suit its responsible customers’ demands and make good its public image. References Saunders, R. (2001). Business: The Amazon.com. Capstone Publishing Limited Spector, R. (2000). Amazon.com: Get Big Fast. Harper Collins Godelnik, R. (2011). Why Amazon Needs to Come Clean about its Carbon Footprint. Triple Pundit. Available at http://www.triplepundit.com/2011/05/amazon-carbon-footprint/ Accessed 29 June 2012. How to cite Stakeholder Mapping, Essay examples

Metabolic Pathways and Environmental Control MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Metabolic Pathways and Environmental Controls. Answer: Introduction: While conducting the entire research study, I have found out the major strengths of the work. I could explore the consequences due to the BP oil spill. I am good at internet surfing and collecting the necessary information regarding the incident. I am quite efficient in communicating the issues and facts regarding this incident. I could therefore obtain the idea about the effects of such explosion by communicating with the personnel and workers of the company. I could effectively engage myself to prepare the presentation including the sequential steps of cause and effects of the scenario. Cross checking the information Implementing critical thinking Capacity Building Evaluation of Self-Assessment Study Preparation of attractive presentation While conducting this study, I could find some of the recognizable and significant limitations. It is thus necessary to bring some of the improvements in the assessment task and overcoming these limitations accordingly. It is essential to review the information and crosscheck with the information collected from the secondary sources. Improvement of the critical thinking to calculate the past and future risks may occur due to such incident. Frequently evaluating the self-assessment study is also necessary. Making the attractive presentation to clarify the entire subject matter will determine the relevance of the study. Difficulties in communicating with the staffs and the managers and gathering the necessary information Difficulties faced in arranging meeting with them. Permission to take access on the library computers Time Limitation Presenting the presentation in front of others was also challenging. The journey of conducting this study was equally challenging for the group. The challenges that we faced during this period are quite visible. It was quite difficult to communicate and gather knowledge about the incidents from the company itself. The workers and the managers did not provide the complete information about the future study. It was quite tough to arrange meeting and permission to communicate with the staffs and the managers of the company. Receiving the permission for the computer access was also difficult for us. The time limitation was quite challenging for us. Presenting the information in front of everyone was making us much nervous Markers Comment I think the overall remarks of the marker would be Satisfactory for the better approaches in future and fulfilling the criteria properly. I believe we shall be appreciated for our hard work to get this project done. We have met the criteria on the sequential basis. We took the snapshots of the BP products, revenue, and share performance. We have provided the summary of the BP oil explosions. We paid focus on the probable method of resolving the issues and its impact for long-term sustainability. We have even provided the preferable recommendation for the company to resolve the issues and strengthen the organisational position. We have demonstrated the understanding of the related concepts and theories associated with the subject matter. We tried extending the quality of the research by colleting both the primary and secondary data. We have maintained the professionalisms to prepare the slide presentations. The oral presentation of the group could have been better. I think the overall remarks of the marker would be Satisfactory for the better approaches in future and fulfilling the criteria properly. The effectiveness of corporate social responsibility Importance of maintaining the business ethics Utilization of analytical power Betterment of the communication skills The major part of the learning was to establish the thinking capacity to analyze the consequence after gathering the sufficient information regarding the incident. The study was helpful to strengthen the analytical power as well as the better communication skills. It helped me to understand the necessity of maintaining the corporate social responsibility and the business ethics. Therefore, the study has been much effective to make us learn the basic parts that will be beneficial for the future prospects. We can even utilize such skills to conduct the research studies based on the similar or different topics. Changes in Understanding Provided the analytical view regarding the corporate social responsibility and business ethics Helped me in strengthening the analytical power Helped me in utilizing the time schedule Transformed my communication skills by making me more confident The topic has restructured the thinking related to the corporate and social responsibility. It has provided me the immense ideas about the necessity of maintaining the business ethics. It is quite clarified that the sustainability of the business depends on the ethical consideration of the business. Companies undertake the corporate social responsibilities to confer benefits on the nearby communities from the operational location. Maintaining the corporate social responsibilities and the business ethics are essential for the companies to ensure long-term sustainability of the business. It is essential for everyone to be confident enough to gather the necessary ideas about the subject matter. Moreover, establishing the effective communication skills would be much helpful in communicating the research needs and information in a significant way. Hence, the lesson learned from the session helped me in transforming my ideas about the business case study analytical process. Additionally, i t helped me to build my analytical power in conducting the future study. It is essential to review the information and cross check with the information collected from the secondary sources. Even though it quite tough to arrange meeting and permission to communicate with the staffs and the managers of the company, it helped me to associate my knowledge to analyze the study by adding adequate knowledge. In one word, I can acclaim that the study helped me in building the knowledge in a significant way and has made my journey of the research much promising. References Homburg, C., Stierl, M. and Bornemann, T., 2013. Corporate social responsibility in business-to-business markets: how organizational customers account for supplier corporate social responsibility engagement.Journal of Marketing,77(6), pp.54-72. Kleinnijenhuis, J., Schultz, F., Utz, S. and Oegema, D., 2015. The mediating role of the news in the BP oil spill crisis 2010: How US news is influenced by public relations and in turn influences public awareness, foreign news, and the share price.Communication Research,42(3), pp.408-428. Lamendella, R., Strutt, S., Borglin, S., Chakraborty, R., Tas, N., Mason, O.U., Hultman, J., Prestat, E., Hazen, T.C. and Jansson, J.K., 2015. Assessment of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill impact on Gulf coast microbial communities.The metabolic pathways and environmental controls of hydrocarbon biodegradation in marine ecosystems,16. Rupp, D.E., Wright, P.M., Aryee, S. and Luo, Y., 2015. Organizational justice, behavioral ethics, and corporate social responsibility: Finally the three shall merge.Management and Organization Review,11(01), pp.15-24. Stein, D. and Grant, A.M., 2014. Disentangling the relationships among self-reflection, insight, and subjective well-being: The role of dysfunctional attitudes and core self-evaluations.The Journal of psychology,148(5), pp.505-522. Travers, C.J., Morisano, D. and Locke, E.A., 2015. Self?reflection, growth goals, and academic outcomes: A qualitative study.British Journal of Educational Psychology,85(2), pp.224-241.

Greek Law Essays - Legal Ethics, Greeks, Crime, Sumer, Civilization

Greek Law Greek law evolved as a necessary means by which to regulate society's behavior. What had up until then been left up to the whims of each individual to handle on his or her own was now a product of fair and sensible legal procedure. It can be argued that there was a great need for such a show of order in that there existed little or no conformity when it came to retribution. As Greek law continued to be established, it also became a fundamental part of other areas of life, branching out into political and social implications. In essence, the implementation of Greek law was instrumental in determining that the legal process only takes on its full meaning in a broadly political context (Foxhall). I. SUMERIAN INTRODUCTION TO THE CONCEPT OF LAW Prior to the Sumerians introduction of the concept of law, the Greeks followed no organizational legal system whatsoever. The ancient Greek population was much more abundant than the Sumerian population. They had large plots of land essentially keeping people separated from one another, there was no real need for the establishment of laws. As the population grew, so did the need for legal regulation. The Sumerians were frightfully aware of the fact that the primary manner by which people were handling their legal disputes was by method of killing. They determined that this was no longer an acceptable behavior for what was to be considered a civilized society of people. Inevitably, the Sumerian ended up with four legal principles: 1. Lex Talions 2. Mediation 3. Legal Inequality 4. Conjunction of Murder and Accidental Death What was established as the first recognized law came from the fact that revenge played a big role in society's unruliness. As it stood, a person who killed as a means by which to solve a legal dispute was immediately exiled. Secondly, the Sumerians saw the merit of asking advice from those wiser than the average man, and so it was implemented that an arbitrator would be sought out in times of disagreement. However, this person was not an agency of the state. This method of intervention proved to be quite beneficial for the Greeks. The Greeks were not bound by any law to follow the wise man's advice but did so out of logic, common sense, and at times-- respect. For the Greeks, law was what separated men from animals (and from women) and was the basis of civilization (Burt). II. EGYPTIAN RESPONSE Egypt, like all the other ancient civilizations, created law in the image of its own beliefs and needs (Hibbitts). The Egyptians did not readily accept the Greek connotation of what they felt a legal system symbolized. They were more interested in remaining within their own society's framework and utilizing whatever form of law they considered appropriate for them. The Egyptians had a concrete legal system with five major areas: 1. Authoritarian 2. Collective 3. Contract Law 4. Legal Equality 5. Criminal Law They were not very innovative when it came to establishing anything close to the Greek way of law. There was a definite difference between what the Greeks deemed necessary within the confines of legal obligation and what the Egyptians viewed to be the same. III. HEBRAIC MORAL OBLIGATION The Hebraics believed they had a moral obligation to at least recognize the concept of law. They were not as disciplined as the Greeks when it came to implementing a legal system. They were still in tuned to the necessity of civilized law. It can be argued that moral obligation is a considerable force to be reckoned with in light of the pressure it places upon one's conscience. It is for this very reason that the Hebraics pursued the aspect of legalities in the first place. It is not easy to assess as to whether there exists a role for law in moral matters (McTeer). While one might interpret their desire to live as a morally righteous people as being self-sacrificing, the Hebraics were also very aware of how integrating some little bit of legal responsibility being morally rightous. The Hebraics realized without a doubt, reasoning (Keenan) can be a significantly powerful motivator, working its silent magic to effect change and establish action. One can also argue that it is not difficult to understand the connection

Britain in the Second World War Essays

Britain in the Second World War Essays Britain in the Second World War Essay Britain in the Second World War Essay Why did the British government decide to evacuate children from Britains major cities at the start of the Second World War? There were many reasons for the British government deciding to evacuate children from Britains major cities to the countryside at the start of the Second World War. One of the reasons was for the government themselves. By evacuating the children to the countryside it would show or make it seem to the citizens of Britain that the government actually cared about their childrens welfare and that they wanted them kept safe out of harms way. This would make the mothers and fathers of the children feel as if the government were very good which could help them in elections when they came as it would really help boost the popularity of the government. Also, by evacuating the children from the major cities it would take a lot of pressure off the government and the civil defences (emergency services). With about one third of the British population being children it can mean a lot of problems. Children can get up to all types of mischief and cause havoc all over the cities, so it was in the governments best interest to evacuate them elsewhere, out of the way. Also if the children were kept in the cities there could have been a lot of deaths due to the bombing raids, and this could have led to a rebellion and many people asking and wondering why the government werent doing anything about it. With the children gone from the cities it would leave the mothers and fathers to help out and concentrate on the war effort. There was no reason for the children being there, as they were not beneficial to the war effort. There was a lot of ways the parents could help out, for example, the women had civil defence jobs, joined the armed forces and helped to reduce food shortages by joining the Womens Land Army. The women did most of the work because the men were off fighting as it was made compulsory as conscription was introduced. All men between 18 and 40 had to fight except a few who were exempt as they had certain specialised occupations and were needed in them. So, with the children gone the parents could really help out. Other reasons were for the children themselves. If they were kept in the cities, some had a good chance of being killed by the bombing raids. Also a lot of the children might feel traumatised by the constant bombing, especially during the blitz in which the Germans bombed non-stop for 77 days except one, this could drive many people insane. They were evacuated to protect their lives for the future. If they stayed then a lot of the next generation could have been wiped out. Another reason was propaganda. The government could use it against Hitler to say how much of a barbarian he was, wanting to kill their children. This would encourage the parents to evacuate their children from the cities and would probably motivate them to work harder and concentrate even more on the war effort. There were many reasons for the evacuation of the children from the cities to the countryside, but I would say that the idea of keeping them safe and protecting the next generation was the most important one. Word Count: 541 2. Explain the differing reactions of people in Britain to the policy of evacuating children during the Second World War. There were three main people involved in the evacuation of children during the Second World War and they all had different reactions to the policy of evacuating the Second World War. They were the hosts, the parents and the children themselves. The hosts role was to take the children into their homes and look after them as if they were their own until the war had ended. Some of the hosts liked what they were doing, as they felt as if they were playing their part in the war, but others didnt like it at all. Some of the children were actually treated better than they were at their own homes, and now had a higher standard of living, they really enjoyed it, but then for some it was the total opposite. Some children were seen as just a nuisance to some hosts; they were ignored, mistreated and in some cases beaten by the hosts. The hosts were split on what to think about the policy, some liked it, some didnt mind and some hated it, but whatever they thought of it there was nothing they could do about it. But, at least they received some income for the children they took in, so wouldnt have to pay for them themselves.

Three Types of System-Wide, Human Process Interventions Essay

Three Types of System-Wide, Human Process Interventions - Essay Example In order to generate a comprehensive understanding of organizational development, three types of system-wide human processes had been identified namely Confrontation Meeting, Intergroup Relation and Large-Group Intervention.Thereby, based on this approach, the paper shall concentrate on describing the various features of the categories and their influence on the organizational behavior.Table of Contents Summary 2 1.0. Introduction 4 2.0. Types of System-wide, Human Process Intervention 5 2.1. Confrontation Meeting 5 2.2. Intergroup Relation 6 2.3. Large-Group Intervention 7 3.0. Conclusion 8 References 9 1.0. Introduction The term ‘Organizational Development’ can be defined as the usage of the behavioral and science-based interventions that have been planned in the work setting in order to improve the functioning of the organization and the individual development.Notably, changes may take place at any point of time in the work setting since the world is continuously chan ging.Contextually, the organizational change consultants and the change leaders have an important role to play in facilitating human process interventions.The responsibility of the OC consultant is to facilitate the work of aligning the structure of the organization, its culture and the human processes adhering to the organization’s strategic plan. ... In the same way, the interventions of different intensities may ultimately yield different results (Porras, 2011). 2.1. Confrontation Meeting The system-wide process intervention techniques help to advance the processes such as vision, organizational problem-solution, task accomplishment and leadership between the groups for the purpose of the major subsystem. The first intervention is the organization confrontation meeting. It is one of the most ancient wide process intervention techniques. It aims at the mobilization of the employees in order to solve their problems at times of stress (Sangamithra, n.d.). At times the top management of the organization may face the problem of accessing accurately the state of the organization’s health in times of stress or change. When there is a major change in the organization such as change in the leadership or the organization structure through mergers and/or acquisitions, or introduction of any kind of new technology, there tends to be great confusions that have a negative impact on the productivity and the morale of the employees. Therefore, at times of such difficulties the group of top management may spend many hours together and try to solve the business problem. They can also try to find out a feasible solution in order to cope up with the problem. Now at the same time these managers may spend less time with their subordinates as well as with the rest of the organization. The people in the lower level often complain as being left out. They report of feeling less sense of possession in the organization. When these kinds of problems are faced by the organization then the top management may take actions in order to bring back the situation at stable

Health Promotion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health Promotion - Research Paper Example What are the impacts of the changes on families across the nation? What can be done differently? What does the future hold? All these questions are very important given the fact that populations are aging, there is an increase in health care costs, medicines are increasingly becoming costly and the population lacking health coverage are on the rise too. There are several key factors that influence people’s approach to health care delivery. These include cultural values and beliefs, situational and economic factors. Economic realities have the greatest influence on the design of the health care delivery systems (Palley, 1995). The United States health expenditures with reference to the Health Care Financing Administration (1998) were as illustrated in the table below; In a review of the data, Weiss and Lonnquist (2000) came to a conclusion that the United States has the most expensive and demanding health care system as compared to other countries in the world. In comparison to other sectors of the economy, there has been a more rapid growth. Viewed from another angle, an examination of the expenditure on national health care in relation to GDP reveals a rapid increase in expenditure. For the past forty years, Americans have recorded a steady increase in cost in excess of the other sectors of the economy (Braden, Lazenby and Levit, 1998). From 1960 to 1990, the health care took a bigger share of the GDP up from five percent to fourteen percent. Some of the factors that have fueled this increase include; â€Å"ObamaCare† was signed into law on the 23rd day of March 2010 by President Barack Obama. In combination with the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act amendment, they represent the most remarkable regulatory sanitation of the United States health care system in the history of the country since the Medicaid and Medicare passage in 1965. The Affordable Care Act was enacted to; increase the affordability and quality of health

Amsterdam Tourism Marketing Condition Tourism Essay

Amsterdam Tourism Marketing Condition Tourism Essay Amsterdam has long been regarded as diversified, international city. It is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Europe, in 2008, 4.5 million visitors stayed over in Amsterdam. The city break markets significance and economic value is increasingly being acknowledged by city managers and administrators (Dunne, 2007). Domestic tourists constantly account for about 20% of Amsterdam tourist arrivals, followed by 18% of U.K tourists and 11% U.S tourists  [1]  . In 2009, due to the economic recession, during the first six months of 2009 the number of bed nights of international guests continued to decrease, with the UK (-23%), Spain (-20%) and the US (-9%)  [2]  . The significant change in 2009 tourism was the increase of Spain tourists and tourists from BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China). This indicated that no matter within or outside Europe, even during economic recession, the market potential would be worth exploring in the future. What makes a potential tourist come to Amsterdam? Before they start the trip, they have a perception of this city, which refers to destination image. The importance of the tourist destinations image is universally acknowledged, since it affects the individuals subjective perception and consequent behaviour and destination choice (Chon, 1990; Echtner Ritchie, 1991). That is to say, destination image motivates people travelling. Hall and OSullivan (1996) proposed that the creation of a destination image is based on three elements: (a) Returning tourists through word-of-mouth reporting, (b) Media reporting and image-making and (c) Government policies and interests. Supported by Seddighi et al. (2001), stated that perceptions about country image are formed through advertising and promotion, news accounts, conversation with friends and relatives, travel agents and past experiences (2001, p.182), suggesting that the attractiveness of destination needs an informative city image. In the three elements mentioned above, returning tourists reporting and media reporting are important factors in motivating people visiting Amsterdam. Amsterdam has various types of recreational areas that serve different types of tourists. Comparing with Berlin, Paris and Rome, Amsterdam has its language advantage. Amsterdam inhabitants speak fluent Nederlands and sufficient English. This creates an accommodating and friendly tourist environment. Whats more, the general hygiene of Amsterdam is well maintained. This city is relaxing and has no specific religion restrains. As a result, word-of-mouth would be generally good. The second factor, media reporting and image-making, is the part that can be improved. And the improvement will make significant difference in motivating more people coming to Amsterdam. It has a lot to do with target marketing. The city image of Amsterdam is diversified. On one hand, it could be a good thing: any types of tourists will find that this city fit them. However, it makes Amsterdam an optional place to visit. If potential tourists are not fully motivated to come to Amsterdam, they can easily change their destination to Paris or Madrid. It is important for Amsterdam to have specific image to target tourist groups. As to government policies, Amsterdam has a stable and safe social environment. Despite marijuana and prostitution are legal in this city, the crime rate holds medium to low comparing with other EU cities. And these two factors are attracting a lot of curious tourists and generating money from them. The local government of Amsterdam is making an effort to promote tourism. It is obvious this city welcomes tourist, for instance, the spread of tourist information office and tickets centres, English introductions in major tram lines to entertainment area. So this element can be regarded as accomplished. 2. Tourist Segmentation and Motivation 2.1 Demographic Breakdowns Collectively, previous studies have demonstrated that tourists with different cultural backgrounds may show differences in their motivations, preferred tourism resources, and behavioural characteristics (Chen et al. 2000). According to the factsheet 2009 of Amsterdam, the main travellers are from EU countries (76%). The geographic category is: The Netherlands, U.K, U.S, Germany, Spain, France, Italy, rest of Europe, Asia, rest of America, Africa and Oceania. Since tourism is a price sensitive industry, the demographic should include income. Educational background and age are also parts of tourist profile. 2.2 Subjective Culture Groups Hofstede (1980) found that people from different societies varied in terms of four subjective cultural aspects, including power distance, masculinity-femininity, individualism-collectivism, and uncertainty avoidance. Power distance refers to the degree to which cultures encourage or maintain status differences between power holders. Masculinity-femininity refers to the relative emphasis on achievement which characterizes gender distinctions in some national cultures. Individualism means ones identity is by determined by personal choices and achievement. Collectivism has to do with ones identity is determined by the character of the collective groups to which one is attached. Uncertainty avoidance has to do with the degree to which societies and cultures develop ways to deal with the anxiety and stress of uncertainty (Kim, 1999). Previous research showed that western and Asian culture has distinctive difference with respect to four subjective cultural aspects (Enright, 1994; Dann, 1981). Power distance is bigger in Asian countries than in western countries. This implies the way people wanted to be accommodated differs when the culture background changes. Gender and religion issue could arise by travellers from Middle Eastern countries, for example, gender-separated prayer room would be appreciated by Muslims, while people from Japan and China probably would not pay much attention to it. Whats more, individualism is more appreciated in western countries while collectivism is an idea that commonly shared by Asian countries. The implication would be different focus when advertising Amsterdam. In western countries, DIY booklet of city tour would be more popular. In Asian countries, group easy access would satisfy potential travellers. People from different subjective cultural groups tend to link themselves with preferred city image of Amsterdam. So the city image of Amsterdam should have a different focus on media in different countries. 2.3 Motivation Factors Motivation has been referred to as psychological/biological/social needs and wants, including internal (or emotional) and external forces (Dann, 1981). In the context of tourist motivation, internal force is the desire to go travelling; external forces could be public holiday, attractive city experience, budget,etc. Motivation based segmentation helps marketers determine why visitors are consuming a product or service, and suggests the means by which visitors desires can be met (Oh et al., 1995). Therefore, tourist motivation studies are useful in developing product, promotion, and segmentation strategies. Analysis of tourist motivation attempts to extend the theoretical and empirical evidence on the causal relationship among the push and pull motivations, satisfaction, and destination loyalty (Yoon and Uysal, 2005). According to Uysal Hagan (1993), these forces describe how individuals are pushed by 6 motivation variables into making travel decisions and how they are pulled or attracted by destination attributes. Push factors are defined as origin-related and refer the intangible, intrinsic desires of the individual traveler, such as desire to escape, rest and relaxation, adventure, health and prestige. Pull factors are defined mainly related to the attractiveness of a given destination and tangible characteristics such as beaches, accommodation and recreation facilities and cultural and historical resources (Uysal Hagan, 1993). Goossens (2000) describes push and pull factors of tourist behavior as, two sides of the same motivational coin (2000, p. 302) and further posits that the psychological concept, emotion, connects both sides with needs functioning as a pushing motivation and benefits as a pulling motivation. More specifically, Kozak (2002) has categorized motivation push and pull factors into four subcategories: culture, pleasure-seeking/fantasy, relaxation, physical (2002, p.226). These four factors can be used in measuring tourist motivation. While Kay (2009) categorized motives as: social consumption, novelty, learn local culture and relaxation. These two categories shared similarity and have differences. 3. Marketing implication The travel market is often divided into four types of markets: personal business travel, government or corporate business travel, visiting friends and family, and leisure travel. Market segmentation is based on the profiles of target groups and measuring the attractiveness of the market (Zhang et al. 2007). In this paper, the main focus will be on leisure travel, because three types mentioned above are not sensitive to marketing strategies. They can be regarded as more fixed travel pattern on a fixed schedule and destination. 4. Theoretical Framework Motivations: 1. Relaxation 2. Social consumption 3. Pleasure-seeking/Novelty 4. Local culture Marketing implication of leisure travel to Amsterdam Subjective Culture Groups

Tomorrow, When the war began film study

The Opening The film begins with a close up shot of Elli speaking to the camera. It Is obvious that this footage was taken at the end of the story, as she has cuts on her face and she looks dirty. Elli says that they're not going to hold back. Recording it like that is so important to them; it's a way of telling themselves that they still matter. The video diary is a great way to start the film as it explains the voice-over throughout the rest of the film as well as putting the audience In suspense. The footage Is of poor quality and on a smaller screen, so It Is a very obvious Jump In time when Elli takes the Tory back to the beginning.From what we see, It Is obvious that Elli has grown up on a farm. She is independent and very capable. Elli rides her motorbike to see her best mate, Carrie. On the way to Corrine's house there is a sequence of shots. The first is a shot of a dirt road and a sign welcoming people to Wearied. This tells us that Elli lives out of town. Elli is smiling a nd waving at the people in town. We see a lawnmower; a garbage truck and a banner advertising the annual Australia Day show at the show grounds. We also see the Chinese Restaurant and the Dentists across the dad.There is a shot of people setting up at the show grounds, then an establishment shot of Corrine's house. This sequence demonstrates the balance. Every aspect of the motorbike sequence is important as they all come into the story later Retelling the story The film opens with a close up shot of Elli, which was obviously taken post-war. She has a cut on her forehead and she looks tired and dirty. Elli talks about how the group feels by the end of the film, which puts the audience in suspense to know how it all happened. Elli says she's going to tell the story from the beginning.This explains the voice-over throughout the film. Carrie and Elli are childhood friends. They want to go camping before school goes back. Carrie wants to go further up the river than they've ever been be fore, maybe all the way into Hell. Elli says she'll ask her dad for the Landholder. After finally convincing her parents, Elli talks to Carrie about who they should invite. Kevin, Corrine's boyfriend, is a definite and they decide to take Homer as well. Homer grew up on the farm next to Else's, so he's almost like a brother. Homer wants to invite Fl. When we first meet If she is in a beauty salon Ewing pampered.It's Ironic that Homer and Fl end up liking each other, as they are from different worlds. Homer Is very rebellious and proud of his Creek heritage. The next character that is introduced is Lee. It was Else's choice to invite him. She describes him as interesting. Lee works in the Chinese restaurant that his parents own. Lee made six, but Else's dad said they had to have eight. Eventually they compromised on seven, as long as Robin was the seventh. Robin comes from a very strictly religious family. There Is a hilarious scene of Robin asking for her Father's permission to go c amping.They seem to be In his office. The room Is dimly 11th and the opposite side of the desk to her father. Elli and Carrie look like they are trying very hard not to laugh. The three girls are looking very well presented. This displays Robin's character well. She is trustworthy and responsible, but cheeky. She is saying what she knows her Dad will agree to. The next shot is the seven teenagers driving in the Landholder. They all get out of the Landholder at the top of a hill. Kevin remarks that they can see Cobblers Bay and the Heron Bridge from where they are. That comment from Kevin sets the story up for later on.They leave the Landholder there and hike the rest of the way into Hell. When they get into Hell the first piece of composed music starts to play. Up until this point only pre-recorded music has been played. Hell is very isolated and peaceful. It's a really beautiful and quiet location. The group spends time bonding, laughing around a campfire. Through a conversation be tween If and Elli we discover that If has self-confidence issues. The next day Homer is talking to Elli about F'. Homer is reluctant to ask her out because he thinks that a girl as pretty as that must get asked out all the time.On the second eight of camping under the stars, planes are seen flying over them. No one takes much notice of it. â€Å"Just a bunch of Army planes going somewhere. † -? Elli. The next morning the group discusses the planes. Robin said that her and Lee stayed awake counting them, that there were dozens and dozens, flying really low. Whilst in Hell, Kevin shows small signs of selfishness. He was eating chocolate without sharing, and when there was a snake in his sleeping bag he made a big deal about it even though Elli was the one the snake was going for. The snake was about to bite Elli when Lee killed it. If went into the river.This shows small signs of some important traits in the characters. If is a bit of an airhead, as she didn't know snakes could swim. Elli is very selfless and doesn't draw attention to herself. Lee is protective over those he cares about. In this scene Homer is the one who gets the snake out of the sleeping bag, which shows that he is brave. They leave the next morning. As soon as the Landholder pulls up at Else's there is a very strong sense that something is wrong. The colors in the shot are very dull and there a subtle but dramatic music that builds. Else's dog is dead and her parents are nowhere to be seen.The power is out and the phone lines have been cut. There is no cell reception or Internet connection. They all go to Homer's house next, which they find to be empty also. When the others find Homer inside he's trying to use some sort of radio communicator. â€Å"Real quiet out there. † -Homer. They traveled to Kevin house on motorbikes as they had decided to stay off the main roads. Seven's family isn't there but his dog, Flip, is. There is a fight between the boys because Lee said it was a b ad idea to take the dog with them. They decide to take Flip with them to Corrine's and make another decision depending on what they find there.They find nothing new at Corrine's house. Robin says that you can see most of Wire from the hill out the back of her house, which might tell them something. They see lights at the show grounds, which they think is where everyone is, and at the hospital, which must be using emergency generators. The group decides to split up. Robin and Lee go to Lee's house and Homer takes If to hers. Homer, Carrie and Elli go to the show grounds. The story follows where Elli goes. At the show grounds they see most of the town being held captive. Elli goes to get a closer look while Kevin and Carrie stay hiding in between parked cars.A man careful a sentry spotted her. The soldiers start shooting at the three of them. Kevin runs and leaves the girls. The next shot is of the two girls running down a street. Kevin Jumps out at them and says he thought they were ahead of him so he Just ran. The girls are pretty mad at Kevin for running out on them. The three of them run into someone's backyard to hide from the soldiers. Carrie cuts her knee on a lawn mower as they're running. The soldiers are walking along the street looking for them. Elli takes Seven's shirt and dips it into the petrol tank, then sets that on fire to throw back at the lawn mower.The lawn mower blows up, killing three soldiers. When Elli, Carrie and Kevin get back to Robin's house If and Homer are there, but Lee and Robin hadn't returned yet. There is a scene the next day when Elli is sleeping on the couch next to Homer. When they wake up Homer and Elli talk about what's happening. Homer ties his hair up. From that point Homer's hair stays back, which is symbolic for when he gets serious about what's happening. Homer and Elli have become the leaders of the group. Homer and Elli decide to go back into town to look for them.Seven's selfishness shows again when he is against t he idea of going into own. Carrie is very mad at Kevin. Elli, Homer, If, Carrie and Homer are sitting around the table at Corrine's making a list of things they need to pack in the Landholder to take into Hell. Kevin starts trying to fix something that makes a lot of noise. Once he stops that, they all hear Flip barking and a faint helicopter noise. They forgot to have someone on watch. The helicopter flies around the house looking in with a spotlight. No one is spotted but it comes back and Homer shoots at it on impulse. The helicopter marks the house with flares.The group runs from the house, Elli and If eloping Carrie run because of her injured knee. Kevin runs back to save his dog, Flip. A missile in shot into the house and it explodes. The group had only Just made it into the shed in time. This makes them all realize how right Homer was. Hell was the only safe place for them. Elli and Homer ride into town to find Lee and Robin. As they're riding into town they pass the Heron Br idge and see that the enemy are using it for access to Wearied from Cobblers Bay. When Elli and Homer reach Robin's house they found her there alone and very scared. Lee had been shot. Robin leads Elli andHomer to Lee's restaurant. There is a great shot when Elli is waiting for Homer and Robin and she sees a painting on the brick wall behind her. The painting is of Captain Cook and His men settling in Australia, there are indigenous people standing in the background. This is a big statement as to what the English did to the aboriginals. When they get to Lee's restaurant there was a man, Dry Clement, is working on Lee's leg. Before he leaves Elli asks him if he knows about any others like them. He tells them that he's heard about a few. Some even tried to blow up the Heron Bridge, but they all paid the price.Elli, Homer, Lee and Robin are discussing how to get Lee out of town. They end up deciding on a garbage truck, which was Else's idea. She wanted to rock up in something so indest ructible that it wouldn't matter who saw them. Lee climbs into the bucket at the front of the truck and Robin sits in the cabin with Elli while Homer gets a get-away car. Soldiers start shooting at them. Elli yells to Robin to take the gun and shoot back but she refuses. There is a car chase sequence. In the end they get away and meet Homer. The next scene is of Carrie looking at the smoking rubble of what was her home.The colors in the shot car. Throughout the movie there are many times when the strong friendship between these two girls is showed. Everyone is in the Landholder asleep while Elli is driving. She is too tired to drive and almost hits a tree. She pulls into the next driveway and stops the car. As they're all walking into the house they start talking about the boy who lives in that house, Chris, saying he's a stoner. They hear a voice and Chris is standing on the porch watching them. Chris did look like a bit of a stoner. He had earphones in, and his hair looked unkempt . Elli left Chris on watch while the others Estes.Elli and Lee were sitting together talking. Lee kissed Elli and she kissed him back. Elli then left Lee to go check on Chris. When Elli gets to Chris she sees that he's fallen asleep. This enrages Elli. She's screaming at Chris that he risked all of their lives. Elli takes the gun and points it at Chris. Chris falls to the floor. Because of the camera angles, we get the sense that Elli is in power. The camera points up to Elli and points down to Chris, so the audience would get the feeling of who is the weaker one if they didn't already know. Elli doesn't shoot Chris. Chris goes with them back to Hell.When in Hell, there is a moment when Elli is alone on top of the hill. She is looking out at the Heron Bridge. She can see convoys rolling across it consistently. The next scene is of Elli, Lee and Homer watching the bridge at night and talking about why and how they are going to blow it up. â€Å"If they can't resurvey their soldiers, then they can't fight. † -? Elli. Homer already has a plan. Elli and If steal a petrol tanker, almost getting shot by soldiers. Dramatic music builds, but stops suddenly when If asks if she can smash the window. The music tarts building again when she smashes it and the soldiers hear it.Elli and If park the tanker close to the bridge. There are four Walker-Talkies between the groups, one between two. If turns the walker-talkie off, so they don't receive the message that there were soldiers creeping up behind the truck. To get away, the girls have to drive the tanker into position, but no one else was ready yet. Homer and Lee hurry their distraction, which works quite well. Elli and If are all set until they realize that neither of them have a lighter. Elli and If are lying on the ground screaming and eating shot at by soldiers. Robin takes the gun Chris was holding and shoots the soldiers.Meanwhile, Kevin, Carrie, Homer and Lee are all getting shot at by the soldiers. Kevin g ets up and runs from the group. Instead of leaving them, he brings back the other motorbike for them all to get away on. Homer and Lee take that bike and Kevin is about to drive away with Carrie when she stops him. She's about to say she forgives him or something, when she gets shot. Chris runs to light the rope to blow up the tanker. The truck explodes and completely obliterates the bridge. Elli, If, Robin and Chris return to Else's house to find Carrie lying on the couch bleeding. Kevin says he loves her takes her to hospital.The film then goes to Else's video diaries talking about the search parties they've seen. The group is back in hell, with guns. They're looking out to Cobbler's Bay and where the Heron Bridge was. The last shot is of three motorbikes riding into the distance, each with two people on them. Characters and Conflicts Kevin Immediately after the motorbike sequence Carrie tells Elli about losing her virginity to Kevin. Kevin is obviously in a committed relationship . Whilst camping in Hell, Kevin shows some subtle signs of selfishness. The first example was when he was eating chocolate without sharing, even though the whole group wanted some.The second example was when there was a snake in his sleeping bag. Kevin refused to go near it, and even when the snake was dead he made a fuss. When the group had returned from Hell and rode motorbikes to Seven's house, Kevin was the only one not sharing a bike with someone. Later on that day, Kevin was with Elli and Carrie when the soldiers started going after them. Elli and Carrie fall behind and Kevin leaves them. The next day, when the group are discussing going into town to look for Robin and Lee, Kevin interrupts saying that it's a huge risk and that he won't go.Near the end of the film, Kevin, Carrie, Homer and Lee are getting shot at by the soldiers. Kevin gets up and runs, this makes the audience think he's leaving them again. But he actually gets another motorbike so they can all leave. Kevin is waiting for Carrie to get on the back of his bike when she gets shot. Kevin drives Carrie to hospital, even though there is most certainly a very dark future for him in this war. By the end of the film Kevin has realized how much Carrie means to him. Homer Homer has a proud rebellious Greek side in him that makes him not care what anyone thought of him.Homer is a troublemaker, which is made obvious when his character is first introduced strutting out of the police station with pride. During the time he spent with the group before the war started, Homer becomes known as a joker. An example of this is when the snake is in Seven's sleeping bag. During that one scene Homer shows that he is independent, capable and immature. The example of him being capable was the fact that Homer was the one trying to get the snake out of the sleeping bag. He shows his immaturity by dancing when Elli told him to shake it, meaning the bag.He shows that he is very independent when Lee kills that snake an d Homer says he was about to do that, as if he thought Lee wasn't needed. His rebellious thinking becomes useful when the group decide to blow up the bridge. Homer's major turning point in the film is when he ties his hair up. From this point onwards, Homer is a very a serious and committed member of the group. Robin Robin comes from a very strict, religious family. However, she is quite cheeky in the way that she lies to her Dad about her reasons for wanting to go camping. Robin is very well presented in front of her father.At first, she seemed quite shy but whilst the group was spending time together in Hell she opened up a bit. When the group is talking about going into town to fight, Robin very firmly states that she would not kill anyone. At one point, her morals almost kill her, Elli and Lee when she refuses to shoot back at the soldiers chasing them in the scene with the garbage truck. Robin is very caring, this is shown when we find out that Robin carried Lee to safety after he was shot. When the group is trying to execute their plan to destroy the bridge and it al goes horribly wrong, Robin helps save the day.Elli and If are lying in the grass takes the gun from Chris and walks forward. There is a brilliant shot of her walking forward, and her leg pushes past a swing seat. This represents Robin moving away from the innocent child she's always been. By the end of the film, Robin is still scared but she has grown. She is stronger and she is more willing. Key Scenes Prominent Setting This scene takes place during the second night that the group spends camping in Hell before the war started. The scene starts with a close up shot of Homer snoring, leaping around a campfire.The camera then moves to Elli, when we hear the sound of airplanes. Elli wakes and looks at Carrie who is lying across the fire from her. It takes Elli a moment to register what the sound is; she looks to the sky and sees the planes. Carrie wakes and asks about the smell, and questions w hen Elli says it's Jet fuel. â€Å"Just a bunch of Army planes going somewhere. † -? Elli. Carrie then rolls over to be closer to Kevin, which leaves only Homer and Elli in the light of the fire. This shot is great because Elli and Homer become the leaders. The fact that Homer doesn't wake up is a very subtle hint that he still needs to mature.The shot of Elli and Homer sleeping is an aerial shot to give the feeling that they are small and weak against the forces of the invading army. This scene only lasts for 50 seconds but it is a crucial part of the story. If this scene didn't exist, it would seem to be such a sudden Jump from the balance when they return from Hell. I think the setting is important in this scene because it shows how well hidden and safe they are in Hell. This scene is another very short scene, but I think the camera work is great. In this cane Elli is asking Lee to come camping with her and her friends.Elli is quite awkward in conversation, which makes it apparent that she likes Lee. Lee seems to be very happy to be hearing from Elli, so maybe he likes her too. For the most part of the conversation, Elli and Lee are facing away from each other, making it look awkward. The camera shots don't have them facing each other until Lee says that he'd love to go camping with her. At this, Ell spins around talking excitedly. Elli seems to relax when Lee says yes too, this may be more obvious because of the camera work. The rule of thirds is used well in this scene.Both of the characters shoulders sit along the bottom horizontal line, and the face of the character is usually on one of the vertical lines. Excellent Camera Work The scene starts off with the group, apart from Lee and Robin, sitting at the table at Corrine's house making a list of things to take with them to Hell. Kevin leaves the table to go try fixing the sink, which makes a lot of noise. When he does fix it and the noise takes charge of the situation. He yells for everyone to sp read out and go to different rooms. The helicopter circles the house until it's where Elli is standing.This shot of Elli is good because it follows the rule of thirds very well. The bottom horizontal line goes across the floor and the right vertical line is on the doormen where Elli is standing. The light stays on her for a while until the helicopter leaves. Everyone takes a breath of relief, and then it comes back. The group all drops to the ground except Homer, who impulsively shoots at the helicopter. The helicopter marks the house with flairs. Elli yells at everyone to run. They all make it to the shed with time to spare except Kevin, who goes back for Flip. Kevin has to Jump from the explosion but he doesn't get hurt.Corrine's house is completely destroyed. The ending Elli, F', Robin and Chris walk into Else's house. They're talking and laughing excitedly about the bridge. They're mood suddenly drops when they see Lee. He leads them to the living room where Carrie is lying on t he couch across Seven's lap. Kevin is holding her and stroking her hair. Elli rushes to her side. Carrie wants them to leave her. Homer agrees, he says it's the only rational thing to do. Kevin interrupts saying he doesn't care what's rational. He loves Carrie and he's staying with her. This displays well how much Kevin has changed.Sad music starts playing quietly Just before Kevin says that he loves Carrie. Elli says goodbye to Carrie through the window of the Landholder. Elli runs to Lee and cries, very loudly. Only the two couples are shown in focus now: Homer and If, and Elli and Lee. The music swells as Elli is crying, then dulls. Homer starts talking about what they've done, saying that they've hit them hard and that the soldiers will be looking for them. A different music starts playing. The music now is similar to what played when the group returned from Hell to Else's empty house. It cuts to Else's video diary. She is well composed, strong.Else's voice continues over a heli copter shot going around the hills into Hell. Dramatic music is building. The six of them are getting guns from somewhere hidden in the bush. They Bridge was. The camera moves over each one of them. The appearance of some shows how much they've changed. Chris has his hair tucked into a beanie, and looks serious. If has dirty hair no makeup, she looks determined and ready. Before, If could have been compared to a frightened little Barbie Doll, but now she's more like a soldier. Robin's face is pale and dirty. She looks slightly frightened but she knows what she needs to do.The group walks forward in single file. Robin is the last to follow; She pauses before walking with them and takes a deep breath. This shows that Robin is still scared and religious, but she will stay with her friends and protect them when she can. The music has been building and is quite loud by this time. The last shot is of three motorbikes with two people on each, riding off into the distance. The music reaches it's climax and is cut off to play the credit music. Alternate Ending The two endings are the same until Homer's dialogue. His voice continues over the shot of the bikes riding along the road.There are individual shots of the couples on the bikes. It then cuts to Else's video diary. However, in this video diary Elli is pouring her feelings out, hoping they'll be safe. The ending they chose was best suited to the movie. The audience would be more eager to watch a sequel because it would more likely lead to more action. The real ending I think was better because it showed how losing Carrie had made them stronger and developed as a group. It really emphasizes the changes they have all made throughout the film. It would lead into the second film well because they are looking at Cobblers Bay, which they plan to attack.

The Social Organization

The late Professor Fiske, in his Outline of Cosmic Philosophy, made a very interesting remark about societies like those of China, ancient Egypt, and ancient Assyria. â€Å"I am expressing,† he said, â€Å"something more than an analogy, I am describing a real homology so far as concerns the process of development,–when I say that these communities simulated modern European nations, much in the same way that a tree-fern of the carboniferous period simulated the exogenous trees of the present time. So far as this is true of China, it is likewise true of Japan. The constitution of the old Japanese society was no more than an amplification of the constitution of the family,–the patriarchal family of primitive times. All modern Western societies have been developed out of a like patriarchal condition: the early civilizations of Greece and Rome were similarly constructed, upon a lesser scale.But the patriarchal family in Europe was disintegrated thousands of years ag o; the gens and the curia dissolved and disappeared; the originally distinct classes became fused together; and a total reorganization of society was gradually [230] effected, everywhere resulting in the substitution of voluntary for compulsory cooperation. Industrial types of society developed; and a state-religion overshadowed the ancient and exclusive local cults. But society in Japan never, till within the present era, became one coherent body, never developed beyond the clan-stage.It remained a loose agglomerate of clan-groups, or tribes, each religiously and administratively independent of the rest; and this huge agglomerate was kept together, not by voluntary cooperation, but by strong compulsion. Down to the period of Meiji, and even for some time afterward, it was liable to split and fall asunder at any moment that the central coercive power showed signs of weakness. We may call it a feudalism; but it resembled European feudalism only as a tree-fern resembles a tree.Let us first briefly consider the nature of the ancient Japanese society. Its original unit was not the household, but the patriarchal family,–that is to say, the gens or clan, a body of hundreds or thousands of persons claiming descent from a common ancestor, and so religiously united by a common ancestor-worship,–the cult of the Ujigami. As I have said before, there were two classes of these patriarchal families: the O-uji, or Great Clans; and the Ko-uji, or Little Clans.The lesser were branches of the greater, and subordinate to [231] them,–so that the group formed by an O-uji with its Ko-uji might be loosely compared with the Roman curia or Greek phratry. Large bodies of serfs or slaves appear to have been attached to the various great Uji; and the number of these, even at a very early period, seems to have exceeded that of the members of the clans proper. The different names given to these subject-classes indicate different grades and kinds of servitude.One name w as tomobe, signifying bound to a place, or district; another was yakabe, signifying bound to a family; a third was kakibe, signifying bound to a close, or estate; yet another and more general term was tami, which anciently signified â€Å"dependants,† but is now used in the meaning of the English word â€Å"folk. † †¦ There is little doubt that the bulk of the people were in a condition of servitude, and that there were many forms of servitude. Mr.Spencer has pointed out that a general distinction between slavery and serfdom, in the sense commonly attached to each of those terms, is by no means easy to establish; the real state of a subject-class, especially in early forms of society, depending much more upon the character of the master, and the actual conditions of social development, than upon matters of privilege and legislation. In speaking of early Japanese institutions, the distinction is particularly hard to draw: we are still but little informed as to the condition of the subject [232] classes in ancient times.It is safe to assert, however, that there were then really but two great classes,–a ruling oligarchy, divided into many grades; and a subject population, also divided into many grades. Slaves were tattooed, either on the face or some part of the body, with a mark indicating their ownership. Until within recent years this system of tattooing appears to have been maintained in the province of Satsuma,–where the marks were put especially upon the hands; and in many other provinces the lower classes were generally marked by a tattoo on the face.Slaves were bought and sold like cattle in early times, or presented as tribute by their owners,–a practice constantly referred to in the ancient records. Their unions were not recognized: a fact which reminds us of the distinction among the Romans between connubium and contubernium; and the children of a slave-mother by a free father remained slaves. * In the seventh ce ntury, however, private slaves were declared state-property, and great numbers were [233] then emancipated,–including nearly all–probably all–who were artizans or followed useful callings.Gradually a large class of freedmen came into existence; but until modern times the great mass of the common people appear to have remained in a condition analogous to serfdom. The greater number certainly had no family names,–which is considered evidence of a former slave-condition. Slaves proper were registered in the names of their owners: they do not seem to have had a cult of their own,–in early times, at least. But, prior to Meiji, only the aristocracy, samurai, doctors, and teachers–with perhaps a few other exceptions–could use a family name.Another queer bit of evidence or, the subject, furnished by the late Dr. Simmons, relates to the mode of wearing the hair among the subject-classes. Up to the time of the Ashikaga shogunate (1334 A. D. ), all classes excepting the nobility, samurai, Shinto priests, and doctors, shaved the greater part of the head, and wore queues; and this fashion of wearing the hair was called yakko-atama or dorei-atama–terms signifying â€Å"slave-head,† and indicating that the fashion originated in a period of servitude. [*In the year 645, the Emperor Kotoku issued the following edict on the subject:– The law of men and women shall be that the children born of a free man and a free woman shall belong to the father; if a free man takes to wife a slave-woman, her children shall belong to the mother; if a free woman marries a slave-man, the children shall belong to the father; if they are slaves of two houses, the children shall belong to the mother. The children of temple-serfs shall follow the rule for freemen. But in regard to others who become slaves, they shall be treated according to the rule for slaves. –Aston's translation of the Nihongi, Vol. II, p. 202. ] About t he origin of Japanese slavery, much remains to be learned.There are evidences of successive immigrations; and it is possible that some, at least, of the earlier Japanese settlers were reduced by later invaders to the status of servitude. Again, [234] there was a considerable immigration of Koreans and Chinese, some of whom might have voluntarily sought servitude as a refuge from worse evils. But the subject remains obscure. We know, however, that degradation to slavery was a common punishment in early times; also, that debtors unable to pay became the slaves of their creditors; also, that thieves were sentenced to become the slaves of those whom they had robbed. Evidently there were great differences in the conditions of servitude.The more unfortunate class of slaves were scarcely better off than domestic animals; but there were serfs who could not be bought or sold, nor employed at other than special work; these were of kin to their lords, and may have entered voluntarily into serv itude for the sake of sustenance and protection. Their relation to their masters reminds us of that of the Roman client to the Roman patron. [*An edict issued by the Empress Jito, in 690, enacted that a father could sell his son into real slavery; but that debtors could be sold